CITEditor: Created page with "= Power Distribution & IoT Strategy: The Tree of Power = '''Document ID:''' 251213-PDT
'''Last Updated:''' December 13, 2025
'''Category:''' Facility Infrastructure & IoT Strategy == Power Distribution Overview ==

 Utility Grid / Service Entrance       │       ├── Step-Down Transformer (e.g., 13.8kV → 480V)       │       ├── Main Switchgear / Main Distribution Panel (MDP)       │         │       │         ├── ATS (for generat..."

2026-02-25T07:17:40Z

Created page with "= Power Distribution & IoT Strategy: The Tree of Power = '''Document ID:''' 251213-PDT<br> '''Last Updated:''' December 13, 2025<br> '''Category:''' Facility Infrastructure & IoT Strategy == Power Distribution Overview == <pre> Utility Grid / Service Entrance │ ├── Step-Down Transformer (e.g., 13.8kV → 480V) │ ├── Main Switchgear / Main Distribution Panel (MDP) │ │ │ ├── ATS (for generat..."

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= Power Distribution & IoT Strategy: The Tree of Power =

'''Document ID:''' 251213-PDT<br>
'''Last Updated:''' December 13, 2025<br>
'''Category:''' Facility Infrastructure & IoT Strategy

== Power Distribution Overview ==

<pre>
Utility Grid / Service Entrance
│
├── Step-Down Transformer (e.g., 13.8kV → 480V)
│
├── Main Switchgear / Main Distribution Panel (MDP)
│ │
│ ├── ATS (for generator backup)
│ └── Busbars
│
├── Sub-Distribution Panels (SDPs) / Switchboards
│ │
│ ├── Motor Control Centers (MCC)
│ │
│ ├── Distribution Boards (DBs)
│ │
│ └── Local Panels
│
└── Loads (Lighting, HVAC, Motors, Servers, Sockets, Specialty)
</pre>

== 1. Overview: The Tree Analogy ==

To understand our facility's power infrastructure and where our analysis products fit, we use the '''"Tree of Power"''' analogy. Electricity flows from the "Roots" (Utility) up through the "Trunk" (Main Panels) and out to the "Leaves" (Individual Machines).

Effective energy management requires monitoring at different levels of this tree. While traditional BMS (Building Management Systems) focus on the Trunk and Branches, our '''QMT Edge Devices''' focus on the Twigs and Leaves, where granular operational data lives.

== 2. Facility Structure & Hardware ==

=== Level 1: The Roots (Utility Connection) ===

* '''What it is:''' The point where raw power enters our facility from the grid (e.g., Meralco) or onsite generators.
* '''Facility Equipment:'''
** '''HV Switchgear:''' High voltage protection.
** '''Step-Down Transformer:''' Converts 13.8kV/34.5kV → 400V/230V.
* '''Function:''' Provides the raw energy flow for the entire site.

=== Level 2: The Trunk (Main Distribution) ===

* '''What it is:''' The central artery of power distribution.
* '''Facility Equipment:'''
** '''MDP (Main Distribution Panel):''' The massive main breaker cabinet (2000A - 4000A capacity).
** '''Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS):''' Switches between Grid and Generator.
* '''Function:''' Protects the main facility feeder. A failure here causes a total site blackout.

=== Level 3: The Big Branches (Zonal Distribution) ===

* '''What it is:''' The division of power into major zones (e.g., "West Wing," "Production Line A," "Chiller Plant").
* '''Facility Equipment:'''
** '''SDP (Sub-Distribution Panel):''' Feeds a specific floor or department.
** '''MCC (Motor Control Center):''' A specialized row of cabinets dedicated entirely to controlling heavy industrial motors (pumps, fans, conveyors).
* '''Function:''' Distributes power to specific physical areas or high-load groups.

=== Level 4: The Twigs (Final Circuits) ===

* '''What it is:''' The final "last mile" wiring before the machine.
* '''Facility Equipment:'''
** '''DB (Distribution Board / Load Center):''' The wall-mounted breaker box containing 15A-60A breakers.
** '''Local Control Panel:''' The small box right next to a machine containing relays and start/stop buttons.
* '''Function:''' Protects the specific wire going to a specific machine.
* '''Strategic Importance:''' This is the ideal installation point for '''Edge Analytics'''.

=== Level 5: The Leaves (The Loads) ===

* '''What it is:''' The actual equipment performing work.
* '''Facility Equipment:'''
** '''Inductive Loads:''' Motors, Compressors, Pumps.
** '''Resistive Loads:''' Heaters, Ovens.
** '''IT Loads:''' Server racks, Workstations.

== 3. Monitoring & BMS Ecosystem ==

The "Gap" in the market is at Levels 4 and 5. Traditional systems monitor the ''quantity'' of power at the top, but our devices monitor the ''quality and health'' of the machine at the bottom.

=== A. Central Management (Levels 1 & 2) ===

At the Trunk, we use '''Power Quality Analyzers (PQAs)'''.

* '''Device Type:''' Class A Meter (e.g., Schneider PM8000).
* '''Data:''' Total kWh, Power Factor, Harmonics (THD), Voltage Sags/Swells.
* '''Goal:''' Billing verification and total plant efficiency.

=== B. Automation Level (Level 3) ===

At the MCC/SDP, we use '''PLCs and Digital Meters'''.

* '''Device Type:''' Industrial PLC (Siemens/Allen-Bradley) or Mid-range Meters.
* '''Data:''' On/Off status, Amps per phase.
* '''Goal:''' Process automation (turning things on/off) and departmental costing.

=== C. Edge Analysis Level (Level 4 & 5 - Our Layer) ===

This is where our '''Custom ESP32 Controller''' sits.

* '''Device Type:''' '''Smart DIN Rail Relay + Edge Analyzer'''.
* '''Location:''' Inside the DB or Local Control Panel (The "Twig").
* '''Unique Capabilities:'''
** '''High-Frequency Sampling:''' Unlike a standard meter that reports 1 data point per second, our device samples current at 10kHz+.
** '''FFT Analysis:''' Performs Fourier Transform on-chip to detect "Motor Signature" anomalies (bearing faults, rotor bar issues) before the machine fails.
** '''Action:''' Can physically cut power (Relay) if a safety threshold is breached.

== Device Integration Diagram ==

<pre>
[A] ROOT: UTILITY SERVICE (Meralco)
│
│ Warning: No physical connection allowed to utility meter/cables.
│ Demarcation Point: The Service Entrance / Main Breaker Line Side.
│
├── [A1] Meralco Meter (Revenue Meter)
│ └── Non-Intrusive Monitoring (Optical/Pulse)
│
▼
[B] TRUNK: MAIN DISTRIBUTION
│
├── [B1] Main Switchgear / MDP (Main Distribution Panel)
│ │
│ ├── Main Breaker (ACB/MCCB)
│ ├── [B2] Power Quality Analyzer (PQA)
│ └── [B3] IoT Gateway / Edge Controller
│
├── [B4] Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
│ └── Generator / Backup Feed
│
▼
[C] BRANCHES: SUB-DISTRIBUTION
│
├── [C1] Sub-Distribution Panels (SDP)
│ │
│ ├── [C2] Branch Circuit Monitoring System (BCMS)
│ └── [C3] Smart Breakers
│
├── [C4] Motor Control Center (MCC)
│ └── [C5] Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
│
▼
[D] LEAVES: DEVICES & LOADS
│
├── [D1] Smart Power Supply Units (PSUs)
│ └── 24V DC Systems (PLC, Controls, LED Strips)
│
├── [D2] Lighting Loads
│ └── DALI / Smart Drivers
│
└── [D3] Plug Loads & Appliances
└── Smart Sockets / Inline Modules
</pre>

=== Device Specification Tables ===

==== [A] ROOT: Utility (Meralco Meter) ====

''Constraint: No physical contact allowed.''

{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Device Type !! Specific Tech / Protocol !! Description
|-
| '''[A1]''' || '''Optical Probe''' || IEC 62056-21 Probe || Magnetic "eye" that attaches to the meter's optical port to read digital data.
|-
| '''[A1]''' || '''Pulse Counter''' || Photodiode Sensor || Sensor taped over the flashing LED (imp/kWh) to count usage pulses.
|}

==== [B] TRUNK: Main Distribution (MDP) ====

''Goal: High-accuracy monitoring and Power Quality.''

{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Device Type !! Recommended Spec !! Functions
|-
| '''[B2]''' || '''Power Meter''' || Schneider PM8000 / Janitza UMG || Class 0.2S Accuracy. Measures Harmonics (THD), Sags, Swells.
|-
| '''[B3]''' || '''IoT Gateway''' || Ind. Raspberry Pi / Teltonika || Aggregates Modbus/TCP data and sends to Cloud/Local Dashboard.
|}

==== [C] BRANCHES: Sub-Distribution ====

''Goal: Granular breakdown (Departmental metering).''

{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Device Type !! Recommended Spec !! Functions
|-
| '''[C2]''' || '''BCMS Strip''' || Solid-Core CT Strip || Monitors 12-42 breaker poles simultaneously via one module.
|-
| '''[C5]''' || '''VFD / VSD''' || Danfoss / Yaskawa || Connected via Modbus/RS485 to report RPM, Torque, and Energy.
|}

==== [D] LEAVES: Special Focus on PSUs & ESP32 ====

''Goal: Monitoring low-voltage DC loads and individual appliances.''

{| class="wikitable"
! ID !! Device Category !! Implementation Solution
|-
| '''[D1]''' || '''Smart PSU''' || '''Add-on Module:''' Use standard Mean Well PSU + '''INA226''' sensor module + '''ESP32-C3''' on DIN rail.
|-
| '''[D3]''' || '''Smart Plug''' || '''Shelly Plus Plug S''' (ESP32-based) for socket loads.
|-
| '''[D3]''' || '''Inline Module''' || '''Sonoff POW Elite''' (ESP32-based) for installation inside junction boxes.
|}

== 4. Summary Table: The Tree of Power ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Tree Level !! Facility Infrastructure !! Primary Voltage/Current !! Monitoring System (Standard) !! Our Solution (QMT Edge)
|-
| '''1. Roots''' || Transformer / HV Switchgear || 13.8kV+ || Utility Metering (Billing) || ''N/A (Too high voltage)''
|-
| '''2. Trunk''' || '''MDP''' (Main Dist. Panel) || 400V / 2000A+ || '''SCADA / PQA''' (Total Plant Power Quality) || ''N/A''
|-
| '''3. Branches''' || '''MCC''' (Motor Control Center) / '''SDP''' (Sub-Panel) || 400V / 200A - 800A || '''BMS / PLC''' (Status: On/Off, Amps) || ''N/A''
|-
| '''4. Twigs''' || '''DB''' (Distribution Board) / '''Local Control Panel''' || 230V / 10A - 60A || '''Dumb Breakers''' (No data, just protection) || '''TARGET ZONE''' — Integrated Relay + Current Analysis
|-
| '''5. Leaves''' || '''The Load''' (Motors, Pumps, Heaters) || Utilization Voltage || '''Physical Sensors''' (Vibration, Temp probes) || '''Virtual Sensors''' (Motor Health inferred from Current)
|}

[[Category:STEWARD]]
[[Category:IoT]]
[[Category:Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Comfac]]

Power Distribution Tree 251213 - Revision history